Efeitos da fratura do processo condilar na simetria facial em ratos submetidos à desnutrição protéica / Effects of the condylar process fracture on facial symmetry in rats submitted to protein undernutrition

PURPOSE: To investigate the facial symmetry of rats submitted to experimental mandibular condyle fracture and with protein undernutrition (8 percent of protein) by means of cephalometric measurements. METHODS: Forty-five adult Wistar rats were distributed in three groups: fracture group, submitted to condylar fracture with no changes in diet; undernourished fracture group, submitted to hypoproteic diet and condylar fracture; undernourished group, kept until the end of experiment, without condylar fracture. Displaced fractures of the right condyle were induced under general anesthesia. The specimens were submitted to axial radiographic incidence, and cephalometric mensurations were made using a computer system. The values obtained were subjected to statistical analyses among the groups and between the sides in each group. RESULTS: There was significative decrease of the values of serum proteins and albumin in the undernourished fracture group. There was deviation of the median line of the mandible relative to the median line of the maxilla, significative to undernutrition fracture group, as well as asymmetry of the maxilla and mandible, in special in the final period of experiment. CONCLUSION: The mandibular condyle fracture in rats with proteic undernutrition induced an asymmetry of the mandible, also leading to consequences in the maxilla.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a simetria facial de ratos submetidos à fratura experimental de côndilo mandibular e com desnutrição protéica (8 por cento de proteína) por meio de mensurações cefalométricas. MÉTODOS: 45 ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo fraturado, submetido a fratura condilar sem alteração na dieta; grupo fraturado desnutrido, submetido a dieta hipoprotéica e fratura condilar; grupo desnutrido, mantido até o final do experimento, sem fratura condilar. Fraturas com desvio foram feitas no côndilo direito com anestesia geral. Os espécimes foram submetidos à incidência radiográfica axial, e mensurações cefalométricas foram feitas por meio de um sistema de computador. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a análises estatísticas entre os grupos e entre os lados em cada grupo. RESULTADOS: Houve redução significante nos valores de proteínas séricas e de albumina no grupo fraturado desnutrido. Houve desvio da linha média da mandíbula em relação à linha média da maxila, significativo no grupo fraturado desnutrido, assim como assimetria da maxila e da mandíbula, em especial no final do período experimental. CONCLUSÃO: A fratura do côndilo mandibular em ratos com desnutrição protéica induziu uma assimetria na mandíbula, também com consequências na maxila.

Consumo, digestibilidade total, produção de proteína microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio em dietas para ruminantes de subprodutos / Intake, total digestibility, microbial protein production, and the nitrogen balance in ruminant diets based on agricultural and agro-industrial by-products

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da inclusão da fonte - subproduto do cacau, mandioca-casca, mandioca-caule e farelo de glúten de milho - e da proporção - 10 e 30 por cento - de subprodutos, em substituição parcial à silagem de milho sobre consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção de proteína microbiana, balanço de nitrogênio, predição das frações digestíveis e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os consumos de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutro foram influenciados pela fonte de subproduto. A fonte de subproduto influiu na digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e dos carboidratos não fibrosos. O subproduto farelo de glúten de milho apresentou valor energético 17 por cento maior do que a da silagem de milho, enquanto os da mandioca-casca, da mandioca-caule e do cacau apresentaram valores energéticos 10, 19 e 38 por cento menores do que o valor observado para silagem de milho. A fonte e o nível de subproduto não influíram na excreção urinária de derivados de purinas totais, de purinas absorvidas e de nitrogênio microbiano, e na eficiência microbiana. A fonte do subproduto influenciou a ingestão, a excreção nas fezes e na urina dos compostos nitrogenados e o balanço de nitrogênio. O farelo de glúten de milho e a mandioca-casca podem substituir, parcialmente, os concentrados energéticos, sem prejuízos para consumo, digestibilidade, eficiência microbiana e retenção de nitrogênio.

The effects of inclusion of by-products (cocoa, cassava peel, cassava stalk, and corn gluten meal) and their levels (10 and 30 percent), replacing part of corn silage on intake, digestibility of nutrients, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, prediction of digestible fractions, and total digestible nutrients were evaluated. The intakes of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were affected by source of by-product, which affected the digestibility of ether extract and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The energy corn gluten meal was 17 percent higher than that of corn silage, while the values for cassava peel, cocoa, and cassava stalk were 10, 19, and 38 percent lower than the value for corn silage. The source and the level of by-product did not affect the urinary excretion of total purine, purine absorbed, microbial nitrogen, and microbial efficiency. The source of by-product affected intake, nitrogen compounds, excretion in feces and urine, and nitrogen balance. The corn gluten meal and cassava peel are by-products with potential to partly replace the energhetic concentrates, with no influence on the intake, digestibility, microbial efficiency, and nitrogen retention.

Lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos entre 12 e 22 dias de idade / Digestible lysine for male broilers from 12 to 22 days of age

Avaliou-se nível de lisina digestível para 1050 frangos de corte dos 12 aos 22 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: 1,05; 1,10; 1,15; 1,20 e 1,25 por cento de lisina digestível. Avaliaram-se ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, composição e deposição de nutrientes corporais. Foram constatados efeitos quadráticos de lisina digestível no consumo de ração e resposta linear ascendente no peso da carcaça. Na composição química da carcaça, houve resposta quadrática do nível de lisina na concentração de proteína. As taxas de deposição proteica, deposição de água, da carcaça e do corpo total tiveram aumento linear em resposta ao acréscimo de lisina na dieta. O aumento da concentração de lisina, todavia, coincidiu com a redução da matéria mineral nas vísceras e sangue e no corpo total. Considerado o desempenho, o nível 1,1 por cento de lisina digestível atendeu às necessidades do frango de corte entre o 12º e o 22º dia de idade. Consideradas a composição química e as taxas de deposição dos nutrientes corporais, a demanda pelo aminoácido digestível torna-se igual ou maior que 1,25 por cento.

The lysine level was evaluated for 1,050 male broilers from 12 to 22 days of age. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, seven replications, and 30 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were: 1.05, 1.10, 1.15, 1.20, and 1.25 percent of digestible lysine. Weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain ratio, body composition, and nutrient deposition were measured. There were quadratic effects of digestible lysine on feed intake and an ascendant linear effect on carcass weight. In the carcass chemical composition, there was a quadratic response of lysine level in protein concentration. The deposition rates in carcass protein, carcass water, and whole body had a linear increase as response to lysine addition to diet. The lysine level increase however coincided with the mineral decrease on blood, offal, and whole body. Basing on performance, the digestible lysine 1.1 percent level attended the broiler needs from 12 to 22 days of age. On the other hand, considering the chemical composition and the nutrient accretion rates, the need for digestible amino acid was equal or higher than 1.25 percent.

Protein synthesis regulation by leucine / Regulação da síntese de proteína pela leucina

In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that high protein diets affect both protein synthesis and regulation of several cellular processes. The role of amino acids as substrate for protein synthesis has been established in the literature. However, the mechanism by which these amino acids modulate transcription and regulate the mRNA translation via mTOR-dependent signaling pathway has yet to be fully determined. It has been verified that mTOR is a protein responsible for activating a cascade of biochemical intracellular events which result in the activation of the protein translation process. Of the aminoacids, leucine is the most effective in stimulating protein synthesis and reducing proteolysis. Therefore, it promotes a positive nitrogen balance, possibly by favoring the activation of this protein. This amino acid also directly and indirectly stimulates the synthesis and secretion of insulin, enhancing its anabolic cellular effects. Therefore, this review aimed to identify the role of leucine in protein synthesis modulation and to discuss the metabolic aspects related to this aminoacid.

Estudos in vivo e in vitro verificaram que dietas hiperprotéicas influenciam a síntese protéica e regulam vários processos celulares. O papel dos aminoácidos como substrato para a síntese de proteínas já está bem evidenciado na literatura, porém as formas como esses aminoácidos modulam a etapa da transcrição e regulam a tradução do RNAm, pela via de sinalização dependente da mTOR, ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidas. Tem-se verificado que a mTOR é uma proteína responsável por ativar uma cascata de eventos bioquímicos intracelulares que culminam na ativação do processo de tradução protéica. Dentre todos os aminoácidos, a leucina é a mais eficaz em estimular a síntese protéica, reduzir a proteólise e, portanto, favorecer o balanço nitrogenado positivo, possivelmente por favorecer a ativação desta proteína. Além disso, este aminoácido estimula direta e indiretamente a síntese e a secreção de insulina, e, assim, aumenta as propriedades anabólicas celulares. Nesse sentido, a presente revisão tem como objetivo identificar o papel da leucina na modulação da síntese protéica e abordar aspectos metabólicos relacionados a este aminoácido.

The next step in biology: a periodic table?

Systems biology is an approach to explain the behaviour of a system in relation to its individual components. Synthetic biology uses key hierarchical and modular concepts of systems biology to engineer novel biological systems. In my opinion the next step in biology is to use molecule-to-phenotype data using these approaches and integrate them in the form a periodic table. A periodic table in biology would provide chassis to classify, systematize and compare diversity of component properties vis-a-vis system behaviour. Using periodic table it could be possible to compute higher- level interactions from component properties. This paper examines the concept of building a bio-periodic table using protein fold as the fundamental unit.

Roles of nibrin and ATM/ATR kinases on the G2 checkpoint under endogenous or radio-induced DNA damage

Checkpoint response to DNA damage involves the activation of DNA repair and G2 lengthening subpathways. The roles of nibrin (NBS1) and the ATM/ATR kinases in the G2 DNA damage checkpoint, evoked by endogenous and radio-induced DNA damage, were analyzed in control, A-T and NBS lymphoblast cell lines. Short-term responses to G2 treatments were evaluated by recording changes in the yield of chromosomal aberrations in the ensuing mitosis, due to G2 checkpoint adaptation, and also in the duration of G2 itself. The role of ATM/ATR in the G2 checkpoint pathway repairing chromosomal aberrations was unveiled by caffeine inhibition of both kinases in G2. In the control cell lines, nibrin and ATM cooperated to provide optimum G2 repair for endogenous DNA damage. In the A-T cells, ATR kinase substituted successfully for ATM, even though no G2 lengthening occurred. X-ray irradiation (0.4 Gy) in G2 increased chromosomal aberrations and lengthened G2, in both mutant and control cells. However, the repair of radio-induced DNA damage took place only in the controls. It was associated with nibrin-ATM interaction, and ATR did not substitute for ATM. The absence of nibrin prevented the repair of both endogenous and radio-induced DNA damage in the NBS cells and partially affected the induction of G2 lengthening.

Production of single cell protein from natural gas: parameter optimization and RNA evaluation

Production of single cell protein [SCP] from natural gas in a one liter bubble column reactor and optimization of the process parameters were investigated. The medium specifications, nitrogen sources, initial inoculum volume, and inlet ratio of gas to air were considered as process parameters to be optimized. The optimum condition for highest biomass production in which the maximum quantity of protein was obtained, were the use of a certain carbon-less salt broth utilizable with methane [named as Methane Salt Broth/MSB] and sodium nitrate as medium and nitrogen source respectively. Also, 7%[v/v] inoculation size, and an inlet gas mixture of 60/40 natural gas/air were determined as the effective inoculation and appropriate volume configuration of inlet gases. Protein production in optimum condition was 69.3%[w/w] of biomass in dry basis which its structural amino acids can be in comparable with other nutrient sources. An average amount of 10 g RNA out of 100 g of cellular protein [or 6%[w/w] RNA in whole biomass] was extracted from the biomass which is extremely near to the possible minimum of RNA distribution among bacteria. Heat shock treatment was applied for reducing the RNA in the biomass bulk. Heat Treatment at 60 to 65°C for 10 to 20 min provided the best RNA reduction results [around 1 gram in 100 grams of protein]. Regarding the structural amino acids and RNA content, the properties of single cell protein resulted in this experimental work, were in a frame which it could be consumed safely

Evaluation of the efficacy of dill apiol and pyriproxyfen in the treatment and control of xenopsylla cheopis flea roths [siphonaptera: pulicidae]

The effect of LC50 of the isolated dill apiol compound and pyriproxyfen caused significant prolongation in the first gonotrophic cycle and great reduction in the percentage of female [Xenopsylla cheopis] reproductive potential as well as egg hatchability. The results indicated that, the larval treatments inhibited the ovarian development and evolved drastic changes in the ovarian histology and histochemistry. The two tested compounds reduced the vitellogenesis and synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, DNA and RNA materials and lipids in oocytes. The two compounds are similar in their mode and site of action

Cellulase and single cell protein production by aspergillus niger

The potentiality of 4 isolates of Aspergillus niger, to produce cellulolytic enzymes and single cell protein [SCP] has been studied under static culture conditions using 5 different agricultural and agro industrial cellulosic wastes as a carbon source. Isolate No 1 was selected as the most potent for cellulase and SCP production on using beet pulp. Cellulase activities and SCP production of this isolate were found to be influenced by the type and the age of the fungal culture. Best results were maintained after 4 days using the shaked culture. The beet pulp was pretreated in different manners to increase the cellulase and SCP production by the selected isolate. Milling, as a physical treatment, rendered the beet pulp sample more productive for cellulolytic enzymes and SCP. The cellulase and SCP production were also tested using initially adjusted pH as well as buffered media. Maximal CMCase and FPase activities [0.561 and 0.293 unit/ml respectively] and the highest protein yield [35.7%] with maximum conversion efficiency [55.6%] were obtained at pH 6.0 with the phosphate buffer giving better results as compared with the acetate buffer

Influence of some nutritional factors on cellulase and single cell protein production by aspergillus niger from beet pulp

Production of cellulose and single cell protein [SCP] by Aspergillus niger isolate No I grown on beet pulp [BP] waste, as the sole carbon source, were optimal when the culture medium was composed of [g/I]: BP, 25; NaNO[3]2; MgSO[4],. 7H[2]O, 0.57;K[2]HPO[4], 1. Microelements solution in the cultivation medium did not significantly affect the fermentation activities. On the other hand, supplementation of yeast extract [2g/1] to the medium permitted maximal cellulase and SCP production

Efeito de diferentes niveis de oferta energetica sobre o balanco nitrogenado e o "turnover" proteico em individuos jovens eutroficos recebendo dieta regional a base de "arroz e feijao" / Effect of different energetic level upon nitrogen balance and the protein turnover in healthy young men receiveing a regional rice and beans diet

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o balanco nitrogenado e o turnover de nitrogenio em individuos eutroficos recebendo dieta regional a base de arroz e feijao em tres niveis de oferta energetica (-30//; normal e + 30//das necessidades energeticas) e dois niveis de oferta proteica, sendo ao nivel de uma oferta proteica abaixo das necessidades (0,65g proteina/Kg de peso corporeo/dia) e ao nivel da recomendada (0,84g proteina/Kg de peso corporeo/dia). Pode-se concluir que a dieta a base de arroz e feijao, como fonte principal de proteina, quando oferecida a individuos eutroficos, pode construir-se de uma boa alternativa para a manutencao do equilibrio nitrogenado, quando oferecida em quantidade equivalente a 0,84g de proteina/Kg de peso corporeo/dia e com ingestao calorica de 46Kcal/Kg/dia. Pode-se concluir ainda que, a este nivel de ingestao calorica houve manutencao da sintese e catabolismo proteico observada por meio do estudo do turnover de nitrogenio com isotopo estavel 'ANTPOT.15 N'-glicina

A espirulina: um novo modismo brasileiro / Spirulin: a new brazilian fashion

A autora apresenta uma serie de dados referentes a morfologia, cultura, processamento, composicao quimica e usos da espirulina (Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis), microalga verde-azulada cujo consumo esta muito em evidencia em diversos paises da Europa, Asia e America do Norte e que comeca tambem a ser muito utilizada por brasileiros.

Effect of estradiol on protein synthesis in ram spermatozoa

The effects of dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO] and ethanol [used as solvents for hormones] on the rate of protein synthesis in washed ram spermatozoa was examined. Estradiol 17-beta was tested for the possible effects on the metabolism of washed ram spermatozoa when incubated at 37°C in the media used with or without glucose. The results showed that DMSO and ethanol suppressed protein synthesis in washed ram spermatozoa. Ethanol [0.1%] caused the least degree of inhibition in protein synthesis. Estradiol 17-beta stimulated protein synthesis in media containing glucose. Estradiol 17-beta, however, failed to stimulate protein synthesis in media deprived of glucose. This emphasise the importance of utilizing glucose as a nutrient in the media used by sperm cells